Number in Na’vi—not just the actual numbers in the octal system but, more generally, the whole question of when to use the singular, dual, trial, and plural forms—can be a little tricky. So let me try to clarify some of those issues. (Irayo to the aysulfätu lì’fyayä with whom I had fruitful discussions about this subject. Some of the material that follows is directly or indirectly due to them.)
Let’s start with a simple question: How do you say, “You two are teachers”?
“You two are” is straightforward: Menga lu . . . But what about “teachers”? Should it be meharyu, using the dual form to match the dual of menga? Should you use the plural form, (ay)haryu? Or should it simply be the singular, karyu?
The answer is based on this general principle of Na’vi grammar:
Number Principle (Koren Holpxayä = KH):
In referring to the same entity, express number only once per clause.
You’ve seen the KH in action before. For example, you know that “five stingbats” and “many viperwolves” is mrra riti and pxaya nantang respectively, not *mrra ayriti and *pxaya aynantang. Since number is already expressed by “five” and “many,” you don’t need a plural marker on the nouns, which remain in the “unmarked” or singular form.
Now we can answer the original question:
Menga lu karyu.
‘You two are teachers.’
Here are a few more examples:
Fo lu karyu.
‘They are teachers.’
Menga lu oeyä ’eylan. (NOT eylan)
‘You two are my friends.’
Fo lu pesu/tupe?
Who are they?
Tsapxesamsiyu lu pesu/tupe?
‘Who are those three warriors?’
In these examples, number is already shown by what comes before lu (the subjects of the sentences), so following the KH, what comes after lu (in the predicates) isn’t marked for number. Sentences with slu work the same way.
So far so good, I hope. But there’s a little complication. Note the following contrasting bits of conversation:
A
Tsaysamsiyu lu tupe?
‘Who are those warriors?’
(Fo) lu ’eylan Tsu’teyä.
‘They’re Tsu’tey’s friends.’
(Note here that even if you omit the optional pronoun fo “they” in the response, ’eylan “friends” remains in the singular, since fo is understood. And we do have the number marking on fo, since it’s in a different clause—in fact, a whole different sentence. This illustrates why the KH has the “per clause” restriction.)
But:
B
Tsaysamsiyu lu supe?
‘Who are those warriors?’
(Fo) lu Kamun, Ralu, Ìstaw, sì Ateyo.
‘They’re Kamun, Ralu, Ìstaw, and Ateyo.’
The question in B violates the KH, since the question word in the predicate, supe, is here marked for number. Why is that?
The difference is that when you ask “Who are X?” where X is a group, you can be requesting two different things: (1) identify the defining characteristic of the group, or (2) identify each member of the group. The A conversation above has the interpretation in (1): Q: What characterizes that group of warriors? A: They’re Tsu’tey’s friends. The B conversation has the second interpretation: Identify each of those warriors.
For “defining characteristic” questions, the KH holds; for “identify” questions, it doesn’t. That’s why we have the following question about family members:
Ätxäle si oe pivawm, ngari soaiä ayhapxìtu lu supe?
‘May I ask who the people in your family are?’
Finally, a couple of related items:
Generics
To make general statements about a group, keep the nouns in the singular:
Nantangìl yom yerikit.
‘Viperwolves eat hexapedes.’
Palulukan lu lehrrap.
‘Thanators are dangerous.’
We sometimes do similar things in English. For example, “The unicorn is a mythical beast.”
Forms with pe-
In the examples above we’ve seen several familiar ways of translating “who?” ( = what person?/ what people?) – tupe, pesu, (ay)supe. But since Na’vi has four degrees of number (singular, dual, trial, plural), three ways for addressing gender (common gender, masculine, feminine), and the possibility of pe either as a prefix or suffix, there are quite a few other such forms—in fact, 24 in all (4 x 3 x 2). In other words, for the simple question “Who is here?” you can be very specific in Na’vi, with separate pronoun forms for “What woman?” “What two men?” “What three people?” etc. Example:
Pepsul tok fìtsenget?
What three people are here?
Here’s the complete chart. Don’t get scared and think you have to memorize all of these forms! Only a few of them turn up frequently.
Common Gender |
Male |
Female |
|
Singular |
1. pesu / |
3. pestan / |
5. peste / |
Dual |
7. pemsu / |
9. pemstan / |
11. pemste / |
Trial |
13. pepsu / |
15. pepstan / |
17. pepste / |
Plural |
19. paysu / |
21. paystan / |
23. payste / |
Stressed syllables are underlined.
For example, 13 and 14 mean “What three people?” 15 and 16: “What three men?” 17 and 18: “What three women?”
For those who are interested, the derivations of these words involve lenition, nasal assimilation (the n of tutan has become m under the influence of the following p), and the loss of some unstressed vowels. Final te is dropped as well (as in pesu, not *pesute). Examples:
10. me + tutan + pe > mesutanpe > mesutampe > mestampe
13. pe + pxe + tute > pe + pxesute > pepesute > pepsute > pepsu
There’s more to say about pe-, of course, since it’s very widely used. For example, here’s how it interacts with kem ‘action’:
kem
Singular |
1. pehem / 2. kempe |
Dual |
3. pemhem / 4. mehempe |
Trial |
5. pephem / 6. pxehempe |
Plural |
7. payhem / 8. (ay)hempe |
As you see, the general paradigm is:
Singular |
1. pe+ / 2. pe |
Dual |
3. pem+ / 4. me+ pe |
Trial |
5. pep+ / 6. pxe+ pe |
Plural |
7. pay+ / 8. (ay) + pe |
As for such questions as how pe- interacts with fne- ‘kind, type’ and how it works with the full variety of nouns, we’ll leave those for another time.
Hayalovay!
Wou! Quite a lot to take in … slä, nìfrakrr … logical.
And I’m so relieved that the number agreement question finally has an answer. I wonder how easy/difficult it will be to distinguish between HK A and B in a conversation. But I guess it’s all about practice. 🙂
Irayo nìtxan. 🙂
And a follow up – concerning the forms with pe+
With transitive verbs it can happen that question words need a case ending. Does it matter in this case which form one uses? To wit, can we attach case endings on the interrogative forms ending in -pe?
1.) pesul tok tsatsengit?
or
2.) tupel tok tsatsengit?
Up until now, we only have examples of 1.) from you.
Either form is fine. 1 and 2 are both correct.
Furia nga law si oe ngaru irayo si nìtxan.
Tìoeyktìngìri irayo seiyi oe ngar, ma Karyu.
Sunu oeru Koren Holpxayä, nìteng tìketengìri a lu sìpawmur alu “Tsaysamsiyu lu tupe?” sì “Tsaysamsiyu lu supe?“, fpìl oel futa fìtìketeng li fkeytok mì paya lì’fya, tafral suteor lam lì’fya leNa’vi na lì’fya kelkuä sneyä. 😉
Lu oeru ’awa tìpawm:
Txo ke palylltxe oe san Pem… sìk ki san Peme… sìk, natkenong *pemesu tup pemsu, fu *pepxesutan tup pepstan, srake fì’u layu kxeyey?
Furia sunu ngar KH, oeru prrte’ lu!
Srane, tsamelì’u alu pemesu sì pepxesutan lu kxeyey. Zene fko pivlltxe san pemsu sì pepstan.
Fascinating!
How would one say, “who are those three men?” (as an identify question)
Tsapxesutan lu supe? Tsapxesute lu pxestampe? Tsapxesutan lu pxestampe?
Or something else altogether?
Txo ke tslolam oel….txoa livu!
Good question. Ngari tslolam nìltsan.
It’s either Tsapxesutan lu pxesupe? or Tsapxesutan lu pxestampe?
That is, identifying the gender in the interrogative word is optional, since it’s already established in the first word. But since it’s an “identify the individuals” question, number is repeated in both words.
Txantsan! 😀 Now we know how me+ and pxe+ combine with pe+. But what about fì- and tsa-?
Careful! That’s only for a few words for now, as for such questions as how pe- interacts with fne- ‘kind, type’ and how it works with the full variety of nouns, we’ll leave those for another time.
Right… Oe pivey…
Ätxäle si oe pivawm, ngari soaiä ayhapxìtu lu supe?
‘May I ask who the people in your family are?’
This fascinates me.
As does the new information presented here! Seiyi irayo ma Pawl!
🙂
Еltur tìtxen si nìtxan. Irayo seiyi ma Pawl! 🙂
irayo nìfrakrr.
lolaw soleiyi nga tìngäzìkur a ayoeti marmäkxu krro atxan.
srungnga’a ‘upxare. 🙂
Txo tsafya, prrte’ lu oer nìngay.